Mount Tambora (or Tomboro) is an active
stratovolcano located on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. The mountain is
located in two districts, namely District Dompu (some distance south to the
northwest side, and Bima (south side of the slope to the northwest, and feet to
the top of the east to the north), West Nusa Tenggara Province, on 8 ° 15 'S
and 118 ° east. mountain is located in both the north and south sides of the
oceanic crust. Tambora was formed by the subduction zone beneath. This
increases the height of Tambora up to 4300 m] which makes this mountain was
once one of the highest peaks in the archipelago and drain a large magma
chamber inside the mountain. It took centuries to refill the magma chamber.
This volcanic activity reached its peak in April
1815 when it erupted in a scale of seven on the Volcanic explosivity index. To
the eruption's largest eruption since the eruption of Lake Taupo in the year
181. The explosion was heard up to Sumatra island (more than 2,000 km).
Volcanic ash falls in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku. The explosion was
caused by the death of no fewer than 71,000 people were killed by 11000-12000
direct result of the eruption. In fact, some researchers estimate that up to
92,000 people were killed, but this figure is questionable because based on
estimates that are too high. Moreover, the eruption is causing global climate
change. The next year (1816) is often referred to as the Year Without a Summer
because of the drastic change of weather North America and Europe because of
the dust produced from the eruption of Tambora this. Due to drastic climate
change is a lot of crop failure and livestock deaths in the Northern Hemisphere
which led to the worst famine in the 19th century.
Formation
Tambora lies 340 km north of the Java Trench system
and 180-190 km above the subduction zone. The mountain is located in both the
north and south sides of the oceanic crust. This mountain has a convergence
rate as much as 7.8 cm per year. Tambora is thought to have been on earth since
57 000 BP (radiocarbon dating standards). When the mountain is rising due to
the underlying geological processes, a large magma chamber part is formed and
simultaneously emptied magma. Mojo Island, too, formed as part of this
geological process in which Saleh Bay was originally a deep basin (about 25,000
BP).
According to geological investigation, a high
volcanic cone was formed before the eruption in 1815 with the same
characteristics as the form of stratovolcano. Diameter holes to reach 60 km.
The main hole which often emits lava flowing down regularly with a swift to
steep slopes.
Since the eruption in 1815, at the very bottom there
are deposits of lava and pyroclastic material. Approximately 40% of the 1-4 m
layer represented by thin lava flows. Scoria is produced by the fragmentation
of thin lava flows. At the top, covered by lava scoria, tuff and pyroclastic
rocks flowing down. At Mount Tambora, there are 20 craters. Some craters have a
name, for example Tahe (877 m), Molo (602 m), Kadiendinae, the Dome (1648 m)
and Doro Api Toi. The crater is also producing basalt lava flows.
History of the eruption
By using radiocarbon dating techniques, it is stated
that Mount Tambora had erupted three times before the 1815 eruption, but the
magnitude of the eruption is not known. [14] Estimated date of eruption was in
3910 BC ± 200 years, 3050 BC and 740 ± 150 years. The third eruption eruptions
have the same characteristics. Each eruption has a major eruption in the hole,
but there are exceptions to the third eruption. In the third eruption, there
are no pyroclastic flows.
In 1812, Mount Tambora became more active, with a peak
of eruption occurred in April 1815. This eruption into large-scale seven
Volcanic explosivity index (VEI), the number of bursts tefrit of 1.6 × 1011
cubic meters. Characteristics of eruptions, including the eruption of the main
hole, pyroclastic flows, fatalities, damage to soil and land, the tsunami and
the collapse of the caldera. This third eruptions affect global climate in a
long time. Activity after the eruption of the Tambora new stops on the date of
July 15, 1815. Further activities will then occur in August 1819 consisting of
small eruptions of fire and the roar accompanied aftershocks that are
considered part of the 1815 eruption.
The eruption
of the second scale is included in the VEI scale. Around 1880 ± 30 years,
Tambora erupted again, but only within the caldera. These eruptions create a
small lava flow and lava dome extrusion, which then form a new crater called
Doro Api Toi inside the caldera.
Mount Tambora still active status. Small lava domes
and lava flows still occur on the floor of the caldera in the 19th century and
the 20th century. The last eruption occurred in 1967, accompanied by an
earthquake and measured on a scale of 0 VEI, which means an eruption occurs
without explosion.
During an archaeological excavation in 2004, a team
of archaeologists found the remains buried by the eruption of culture in 1815
at a depth of 3 meters in pyroclastic deposits. [6] artifact-artifact was
discovered in the same position when the eruption occurred in 1815. Because of
the similar characteristics of this, the findings are often referred to as the
Pompeii of the east.
197 Years Ago Tambora story and Frankenstein On
Monday, April 9, 2012, Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG)
establish the status of Mount Tambora normal, the lowest level in kegunungapian
status. Contrasting situation than what happened 197 years ago. At that time,
on 5 April 1815, Tambora began to show symptoms of something wrong. He roared,
his voice booming. Ash spewed from kawag. Data PVMBG call, paroksimal eruption
occurred on April 10, 1815 and ending on April 12, 1815. Three days are
horrible. The eruption continued, accompanied by thunder connect like an atomic
bomb explosion, heard hundreds of kilometers. Strength of the eruption of
Tambora was the largest ever recorded in history. A total of 92 000 lives taken
away, spraying hot ash and pierce the atmosphere, global average temperature
dropped 3 degrees Celsius. Even in the northern hemisphere, there was no summer
in the following year, 1816, 'the year without summer'. Snow storm hit New
England in July of that year, the crops failed. Europe also experienced
conditions as bad.
Media The
Times published a letter from a dealer in the Netherlands Indies. "We just
had the most incredible eruption that may never happen anywhere on Earth,"
he writes, as the site loaded science, Newscientist. Mount Tambora erupted on
the island of Sumbawa. The explosion heard up to 850 kilometers. A number of
ship captain who sailed around Sumbawa describe severe conditions at the time.
"They see the ocean as far as the eye can see filled with trees, rocks
that float, which prevents the ship," wrote trader itu.Dua days after the
massive eruption, Sumbawa darkness. "Rice crop completely destroyed,
nothing left. People in large numbers were killed instantly, others dying every
day."
Elsewhere in the world, Tambora also claimed
thousands of lives. Not because of eruption, but rather a result of epidemic
typhus and hunger prevalent in the European region. The inevitable chaos,
houses and shops were burned and looted. Tambora even change the map of
history, June 18, 1815, Tambora caused by bad weather which made Napoleon
Bonaparte at Waterloo lost the war. Terpedih day in the glorious history of the
French Emperor.
However, no one expected, even scientists, the Sun
will disappear in 1816. People think, doom is imminent. Uncontrollable panic.
"A girl woke her aunt and shouting, the world will end soon. The aunt was
surprised, even koma.Sementara in Ghent, the cavalry that came when the storm
blew their trumpets, unexpectedly, two-thirds of the population took to the
streets, on his knees. They thought have heard the trumpets of doom signs,
"the illustrated London Chronicle.
In Frankenstein inspired seputaran that time, a
female 18-year-old Mary Shelley was on holiday in the Lake Geneva region,
Switzerland. Together Bysshe Shelley, her husband in the future, they are stuck
at home rain Lord Bryon. It was dark at that time. To divert attention from bad
weather, the hosts held a competition to write horror stories. Shelley produced
a spectacular famous novel of all time, "Frankenstein". Time, as the
site loaded science, Discovery.com, they also had time to experiment, using an
electric gelimbang on dead animals evoke the idea behind a lifeless corpse. The
group also took turns reading the story of German horror. Meanwhile, Lord Bryon
produce a poem called "Darkness". "The light went out,"
Bryon writes in a poem that he wrote in 1986. In Indonesia, long-forgotten
history of Tambora. Few are aware, outbreaks have occurred in the archipelago.
Bicentennial Tambora eruption will fall in April
2015. Grand event is being prepared, including the exhibition sites are found
around the mountain tersebut.Di them, remnants of ancient civilizations and the
framework of two adults Tambora ash buried at a depth of 3 meters. Allegedly,
it is the remains of a tragic kingdom of Tambora 'preserved' by the impact of
the massive eruption of Tambora itu.Penemuan make the site has in common with
the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD century. Tambora civilization as the
Pompeii of the East then.
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